Tagliafico was left needing stitches and staples in the back of his head when Muller led with his boot in a kung fu-style tackle in the 75th minute, which earned the Bayern forward a straight red from referee Clement Turpin.
Tagliafico remarkably played on while it was an early bath for Muller on what was a club record-tying 105th Champions League appearance for the Germans.
The incident came in a fiery game in Amsterdam in which Maximilian Wober had been dismissed eight minutes earlier for a studs-up lunge on Leon Goretzka.
The red cards were part of a thrilling 3-3 draw that was a strong contender for the most entertaining of this season’s Champions League group stage.
READ MORE: Cheers, tears and f*ck you’s!…UEFA Champions League round-up (PHOTOS/VIDEO)
Both teams were already sure of a place in the knockout stages but an Ajax win would have seen them leapfrog Bayern at the top of the group.
Robert Lewandowski gave the Germans the lead on 13 minutes before Dusan Tadic equalized 15 minutes into the second half.
The pair of red cards followed before Tadic struck a second from the penalty spot to put Ajax ahead with 10 minutes to play, but the drama was far from over as Lewandowski added his second – also from the spot – before Bayern’s Kingsley Coman scored what his team thought was the winner in the 90th minute.
However, a patched up Tagliafico got into the Bayern box five minutes into added time and helped forced an own goal through Niklas Sule to snatch a draw for the Dutch.
After the action-packed encounter, Muller reportedly told journalists that there had been “no intention” to injure Tagliafico, whom he is said to have sought out to apologize in person, although the Argentine had already left the stadium.
Bayern’s Goretzka was less than sympathetic to his teammate, telling reporters: “You just have to look at how the boy was stitched up on the field. That was a clear red card.”
Muller faces an automatic one-match ban which will rule him out for the first leg of the last 16, which Bayern qualified for as winners of Group E on 14 points, with Ajax second on 12.
Thomas Müller just did *this* 😱
The clearest red card you will ever see. pic.twitter.com/HAIGY73dRN
— Squawka News (@SquawkaNews) December 12, 2018
Thomas Mueller completely out of mind kung fu red card.
I like him so much, but the last good game he played was the quarters v Italy in 2016 pic.twitter.com/gWONSxBptS
— Tancredi Palmeri (@tancredipalmeri) December 12, 2018
Really don’t think that Muller did it intentionally. Look at his first goal against Düsseldorf, stuck his foot out in a similar fashion. Unfortunate thing about it is that he is incredibly awkward with some of his motions. Still definitely a red card. Hopefully only a 1 game ban.
— MullerSZN (@MileHighMunich) December 12, 2018
Elsewhere on an eventful night of Champions League action, CSKA Moscow inflicted a 3-0 defeat on Real Madrid at the Bernabeu – the Spanish club’s worst-ever European home loss – although the Russians still finished bottom of the group after Viktoria Plzen beat Roma 2-1.
READ MORE: Internet incredulous as CSKA inflict RECORD home defeat on Real but still go OUT OF UCL
Already-qualified Juventus slipped to a surprise 2-1 defeat to Young Boys in Switzerland, but still topped Group H ahead of Manchester United, after they lost by the same scoreline at Valencia.
Manchester City beat Hoffenheim 2-1 at the Etihad Stadium to confirm top spot in Group F, and will be joined in the last 16 by Lyon, who drew 1-1 with Shakhtar Donetsk in a snowy Kiev.
Champions League last 16
Pot 1:
Borussia Dortmund
Barcelona
Paris Saint-Germain
FC Porto
Bayern Munich
Real Madrid
Juventus
Manchester City
Pot 2
Atletico Madrid
Liverpool
AS Roma
Schalke
Ajax
Manchester United
Tottenham
Lyon
When and where is the Champions League last 16 draw?
The draw for the last 16 takes place at UEFA HQ in Nyon, Switzerland, on Monday December 17 at 11:00 GMT.